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.asf
Active Streaming Format
.avi
Short for Audio Video Interleave, the file format for Microsoft's Video for Windows standard.
.gif
Graphics Interchange Format--a bit-mapped graphics file format used by the World Wide Web, CompuServe and many BBSs. GIF supports color and various resolutions. It also includes data compression, making it especially effective for scanned photos.
.jpeg
Joint Photographic Experts Group image format. A popular Internet compression format for color images.
.mov
File extension used with QuickTime movies.
.rm
Most common file extension used with RealMedia files.
.wav
A sound format for storing sound in files developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM. Support for WAV files was built into Windows 95 making it the de facto standard for sound on PCs. WAV sound files end with a .wav extension.
8mm
Compact videocassette format, popularized by camcorders, employing 8-millimeter-wide videotape. [See Hi8]
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A/B roll editing
Two video sources played simultaneously, to be mixed or cut between.
A/V (Audio/Video)
A common shorthand for multimedia audio and video.
action axis
An imaginary line drawn between two subjects, or along a line of motion to maintain continuity of screen direction. Crossing it from one shot to the next will create an error in continuity. It is often referred to as the "180-degree rule."
ad-lib
Unrehearsed, spontaneous act of speaking, performing, or otherwise improvising on-camera activity without preparation.
ADSL
Asymmetric (or Asynchronous) Digital Subscriber Line. A 'fat pipe.' New technology to carry high-speed data over typical twisted-pair copper telephone lines. ADSL promises be up to 70 times as fast as a 28.8 modem, and can be used concurrently with voice
AGC
See automatic gain control.
ambient sound
(ambience) Natural background audio representative of a given recording environment. On-camera dialog might be primary sound; traffic noise and refrigerator hum would be ambient.
amplify
To electronically magnify an audio signal for mixing, distribution, and/or transducing purposes.
analog
An electrical signal is referred to as either analog or digital. Analog signals are those signals directly generated from a stimulus such as a light striking a camera picture tube. You can convert an analog signal to a digital signal by using an analog t
animation
Visual special effect whereby progressive still images displayed in rapid succession creates the illusion of movement.
aperture/exposure
A setting that manipulates the amount of light falling onto the camera's CCD(s). This control adjusts the size of the camcorder's iris.
artifact
The occurrence of unwanted visual distortions that appear in a video image, such as cross-color artifacts, cross-luminance artifacts, jitter, blocking, ghosts, etc. Artifacting is a common side effect of compression, especially at lower bit rates.
artificial light
Human-made illumination not limited to "indoor" variety: fluorescent bulbs, jack-o'-lanterns and a car's headlights all qualify. Typically, it has lower color temperature than natural light, and thus more reddish qualities. (See color temperature, natural light)
aspect ratio
Proportional width and height of picture on screen. Current standard for conventional receiver or monitor is four by three 4:3; 16:9 for HDTV.
assemble edit
Recording video and/or audio clips in sequence immediately following previous material; does not break control track. Consecutive edits form complete program. [See edit, insert edit]
ATV
Advanced Television - Emerging signal standard that includes high definition
TV (HDTV) and digital video broadcast (DVB)
audio dub
Result of recording over pre-recorded videotape soundtrack, or a portion thereof, without affecting pre-recorded images.
audio mixer
The piece of equipment used to gather, mix and amplify sounds from multiple microphones and then send the signal on to its destination.
automatic exposure
Circuitry that monitors light levels and adjusts camcorder iris accordingly, compensating for changing light conditions.
automatic gain control
(AGC) Camcorder circuitry that adjusts incoming audio levels automatically.
available light
Amount of illumination present in a particular environment: natural light, artificial light or a combination of the two.
AVI
(Audio Video Interleave) One of the oldest file formats for digital video on PCs.
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back light
Lamp providing illumination from behind. Creates sense of depth by separating foreground subject from background area. Applied erroneously, causes severe silhouetting. (See fill light, key light, three-point lighting)
balanced line
Audio cables that have three wires: one for positive, one for negative and one for ground.
bandwidth
A measure of the capacity of a user’s data line. Video looks its best on a high-bandwidth connection, like DSL, cable modems or satellite modems. Conversely, trying to download or stream video on a low-bandwidth connection like a dial-up modem can be a frustrating experience.
bandwidth compression
Reducing the bandwidth that is required for transmission of a given digital data rate.
barndoors
Accessories for video lights; adjustable folding flaps that control light distribution.
batch capture
The ability of certain computer-based editing systems to automatically capture whole lists or "batches" of clips from source videotapes.
Betacam Format
Professional half-inch videotape format developed by Sony.
bidirectional
equally from two directions
black box
Generic term for wide variety of video image manipulation devices with perceived mysterious or "magical" capabilities, including proc amps, enhancers, SEGs, and TBCs.
bleeding
Video image imperfection characterized by blurring of color borders; colors spill over defined boundaries, "run" into neighboring areas.
BNC
(Bayonet Fitting Connector aka British Naval Connector) A durable "professional" cable connector, attaches to VCRs for transfer of high-frequency composite video in/out signals. Connects with a push and a twist.
boom
Any device for suspending a microphone above and in front of a performer.
booming
Camera move above or below subject with aid of a balanced "boom arm," creating sense of floating into or out of a scene. Can combine effects of panning, tilting, and pedding in one fluid movement.
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C
See chrominance.
cable/community access
Channel(s) of a local cable television system dedicated to community-based programming. Access centers provide free or low-cost training and use of video production equipment and facilities.
cameo lighting
Foreground subjects illuminated by highly directional light, appearing before a completely black background.
Cannon
See XLR.
capacitor
The part of a condenser mike that stores electrical energy and permits the flow of alternating current.
capture card
A piece of computer hardware that captures digital video and audio to a hard drive, typically through a FireWire (IEEE 1394) port.
cardioid
A microphone that picks up sound in a heart-shaped pattern.
CCD
(Charge Coupled Device) Light-sensitive integrated circuit in video cameras that converts images into electrical signals. Sometimes referred to as a "chip."
character generator
A device that electronically builds text which can be combined with a video signal. The text is created with a keyboard and program that has a selection of font and backgrounds.
chroma
Characteristics of color a videotape absorbs with recorded signal, divided into two categories: AM (amplitude modulation) indicates color intensity; PM (phase modulation) indicates color purity.
chromakey
Method of electronically inserting the image from one video source into the image of another through areas designated as its "key color." It is frequently used on news programs to display weather graphics behind talent
chrominance
Portion of video signal that carries color information (hue and saturation, but not brightness); frequently abbreviated as "C," as in “Y/C” for luminance/chrominance. [See luminance.]
clapstick
Identification slate with hinged, striped top that smacks together for on-camera scene initiation. Originally used to synchronize movie sound with picture. [See lip-sync]
closeup
(CU) A tightly framed camera shot in which the principal subject is viewed at close range, appearing large and dominant on screen. Pulled back slightly is a "medium closeup" while zoomed in very close is an "extreme closeup (ECU or XCU)."
CODEC
Abbreviation for compressor/decompressor. A piece of software that can convert a raw stream of uncompressed video to a compressed form. The same piece of software can also play the compressed video on-screen.
color bars
Standard test signal containing samples of primary and secondary colors, used as reference in aligning color video equipment. Generated electronically by a "color bar generator," often viewed on broadcast television in off-air hours. [See test pattern]
color corrector
Electronic device that dissects the colors of a video signal, allowing them to be adjusted individually.
color temperature
Relative amount of "white" light's reddish or bluish qualities, measured in degrees Kelvin. Desirable readings for video are 3,200K indoors, 5,600K outdoors. (See artificial, natural light)
comet tailing
Smear of light resulting from inability of camera's pickup to process bright objects -- especially in darker settings. Object or camera in motion creates appearance of flying fireball. [See lag]
component video
Signal transmission system, resembling S-video concept, employed with professional videotape formats. Separates luminance and two chrominance channels to avoid quality loss from NTSC or PAL encoding.
composite video
Single video signal combining luminance and chrominance signals through an encoding process, including RGB (red, green, blue) elements as well as sync information.
compositing
Superimposing multiple layers of video. Each layer may move independently.
composition
Visual makeup of a video picture, including such variables as balance, framing, field of view, texture -- all aesthetic considerations. Combined qualities form image that's pleasing to view, and effectively communicates.
compression
An encoding process that reduces the digital data in a video frame, typically from nearly one megabyte to 300 kilobytes or less. This is accomplished by throwing away information the eye can't see and/or redundant information in areas of the video frame that do not change. JPEG, Motion-JPEG, MPEG, DV, Indeo, Fractal and Wavelet are all compression schemes.
condenser mike
A high-quality mike whose transducer consists of a diaphragm, backplate and capacitor.
continuity
[1:visual] Logical succession of recorded or edited events, necessitating consistent placement of props, positioning of characters, and progression of time.
contrast
Difference between a picture's brightest and darkest areas. When high, image contains sharp blacks and whites; when low, image limited to variations in gray tones.
control track
A portion of the videotape containing information to synchronize playback and linear videotape editing operations.
Control-L
A two-way communication system used to coordinate tape transport commands for linear editing. Primarily found in Mini DV, Digital8, Hi8 and 8mm camcorders and VCRs. (See Control-S, synchro edit).
Control-S
A one-way communication system that treats a VCR or camcorder as a slave unit, with edit commands emanating from an external edit controller or compatible deck. Primarily found on 8mm VCRs and camcorders. (See Control-L, synchro edit).
cookie
(cucalorus) Lighting accessory consisting of random cutout shapes that cast patterned shadows when light passes through. Used to imitate shadows of natural lighting.
crawl
Text or graphics - usually special announcements or credits - that move across screen horizontally, typically from bottom right to left. Produced with a character generator.
cross-fade
Simultaneous fade-in of one audio source or lighting effect as another fades out; may overlap temporarily. Also called a dissolve.
cucalorus
(cookie) Lighting accessory consisting of random pattern of cutouts that forms shadows when light passes through it. Used to imitate shadows of natural lighting.
cue
[1] Signal to begin, end, or otherwise influence on-camera activity while recording. [2] Presetting specific starting points of audio or video material so it's available for immediate and precise playback when required.
cut
[1] Instantaneous change from one shot to another. [2] Director's command to immediately terminate on-camera action and recording.
cutaway
Shot of other than principal action (but peripherally related), frequently used as transitional footage or to avoid a jump cut.
cuts-only editing
Editing limited to immediate shifts from one scene to another, without smoother image transition capabilities such as dissolving or wiping. [See cut, edit]
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D1, D2, D3, D5, Digital-S, DVCPRO, DVCAM, Digital Betacam
Entirely digital "professional" videotape recording formats (component and composite, respectively) capable of
decibel
(dB) Measure of signal parameters based on a logarithmic scale. Also
the unit of measure for sound pressure level (loudness).
decompression
The decoding of a compressed video data stream to allow playback.
deinterlace
To convert interlaced video into progressively-scanned video, for use with computers.
depth of field
Range in front of a camera’s lens in which objects appear in focus. Varies with subject-to-camera distance, focal length of camera lens and camera's aperture setting.
desktop video
(DTV) Fusion of personal computers and home video components for elaborate videomaking capabilities rivaling those of broadcast facilities.
diaphragm
The vibrating element in a microphone that responds to the compressed air molecules of sound waves.
diffused light
Indistinctly illuminates relatively large area. Produces soft light quality with soft shadows.
diffuser
Gauzy or translucent material that alters the quality of light passing through it to produce less intense, flatter lighting with softer, less noticeable shadows.
diffusion filter
Mounted at front of camcorder lens, gives videotaped images a foggy, fuzzy, dreamy look. [See filter]
digital audio
Sounds that have been converted to digital information.
digital video effects
(DVE) Electronic analog-to-digital picture modification yielding specialty image patterns and maneuvers: tumbling, strobing, page turning, mosaic, posterization, solarization, etc.
digitization
The process of converting a continuous analog video or audio signal to digital data for computer storage and manipulation.
digitizer
Device that imports and converts analog video images into digital information for hard drive-based editing.
directional light
Light that illuminates in a relatively small area with distinct light beam; usually created with spotlight, yields harsh, defined shadows.
dissolve
Image transition effect of one picture gradually disappearing as another appears. Analogous to audio and lighting cross-fade. [See cross-fade.]
distribution amp
(distribution amplifier) Divides single video or audio signals, while boosting their strength, for delivery to multiple audio/video acceptors. Allows simultaneous recording on multiple VCR’s from the same source, especially useful for tape duplication.
DivX
A recent codec for MPEG-4 video, developed on the Internet.
dolly
Physical movement of the camera toward or away from a subject. The effect may seem to be the same as zooming, but dollying in or out results in a more dramatic change in perspective than using the zoom
dollying
Camera movement toward or away from a subject. Effect may appear same as zooming, which reduces and magnifies the image, but dollying in or out maintains perspective while changing picture size.
download and play
A way of viewing Web video that requires a user to download a video before playing it. Download and play files are usually higher quality than streamed video.
dropout
Videotape signal voids, viewed as fleeting white specks or streaks. Usually result of minute "bare spots" on a tape's magnetic particle coating, or tape debris covering particles and blocking signals.
DTV
Desktop video.
dub
[1] Process or result of duplicating a videotape in its entirety. [2] Editing technique whereby new audio or video replaces portion(s) of existing recording.
DVE
(Digital Video Effect) Electronic special effects and picture modification yielding specialty image patterns and maneuvers, such as tumbling, strobing, page turning, mosaic, posterization, solarization, etc. [See F/X]
dynamic mike
A rugged microphone whose transducer consists of a diaphragm connected to a moveable coil.
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edit
Process or result of selectively recording video and/or audio on finished videotape. Typically involves reviewing raw footage and transferring desired segments from master tape(s) onto new tape in a predetermined sequence. [See assemble edit, in-camera e
edit control protocols
Types of signals designed to communicate between editing components, including computers, tape decks and camcorders. Allows components to transmit instructions for various operations such as play, stop, fast forward, rewind, record, pause, etc.
edit controller
Electronic programmer used in conjunction with VCRs/camcorders to facilitate automated linear videotape editing with speed, precision and convenience.
edit decision list
(EDL) Handwritten or computer-generated compilation of all edits (marked by their time code in points and out points) to be executed in a video production.
edited master
Original recorded videotape footage; "edited master" implies original copy of tape in its edited form. Duplications constitute generational differences.
EDL
(EDL) Handwritten or computer-generated compilation of all edits (marked by their time code in points and out points) to be executed in a video production.
EFP
(Electronic field production) Film-style production approach using a single camera to record on location. Typically shot for post-production application, non-live feed.
electret condenser
Microphone type incorporating a precharged element, eliminating need for bulky power sources. [See condenser.]
encoder
Device that translates a video signal into a different format -- RGB to composite, DV to MPEG,etc.
encoding
The actual process of compressing video for streaming or for downloading.
ENG
(Electronic news gathering) Use of portable video cameras, lighting and sound equipment to record news events in the field quickly, conveniently, and efficiently.
enhancer
(Image enhancer) Video signal processor that compensates for picture detail losses and distortion occurring in recording and playback. Exaggerates transitions between light and dark areas by enhancing high frequency region of video spectrum.
EP
(Extended play) Slowest tape speed of a VHS VCR, accommodating six-hour recordings. [See LP, SP]
equalization
Emphasizing specific audio or video frequencies and eliminating others as signal control measure, usually to produce particular sonic qualities. Achieved with equalizer.
equalize
To emphasize, lessen or eliminate certain audio frequencies.
establishing shot
The opening picture of a program or scene. Usually, a wide and/or distant perspective that orients viewer to the overall setting and surroundings
extra
Accessory talent not essential to a production, assuming some peripheral on-camera role. In movie work, performers with fewer than five lines are called "under fives."
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F/X
Special effects. Visual tricks and illusions -- electronic or on camera -- employed in film and video to define, distort or defy reality.
fade
Gradual diminishing or heightening of visual and/or audio intensity. "Fade out" or "fade to black," "fade in" or "up from black" are common terms.
feed
Act or result of transmitting a video signal from one point to another.
feedback
[1:video] Infinite loop of visual patterns from signal output being fed back as input; achieved by aiming live camera at receiving monitor. [2:audio] Echo effect at low levels, howl or piercing squeal at extremes, from audio signal being fed back to itse
field
Half a scanning cycle. Two fields comprise a complete video frame. Composed of either all odd lines or all even lines.
field of view
Extent of a shot that is visible through a particular lens; its vista.
fill light
Supplementary illumination, usually from a soft light positioned to the side of the subject, which lightens shadows created by the key light. (See back light, key light, three-point lighting)
film-style
Out-of-sequence shooting approach, to be edited in appropriate order at post-production stage. Advantageous for concentrating on and completing recording at one location at a time, continuity and convenience assured.
filter
Transparent or semi-transparent material, typically glass, mounted at the front of a camcorder’s lens to change light passing through. Manipulates colors and image patterns, often for special effect purposes
FireWire
(IEEE 1394 or i.LINK) A high-speed bus that was developed by Apple Computer. It is used, among other things, to connect digital camcorders to computers.
fishpole
A small, lightweight arm to which a microphone is attached, hand held by an audio assitant outside of the picture frame.
flare
Bright flashes evident in video. Caused by excessive light beaming into a camera's lens and reflecting off its internal glass elements.
flat lighting
Illumination characterized by even, diffused light without shadows, highlights or contrast. May impede viewer's sense of depth, dimension.
floodlight
Radiates a diffused, scattered blanket of light with soft, indistinct shadows. Best used to spread illumination on broad areas, whereas spotlights focus on individual subjects.
fluid head
Tripod mount type containing viscous fluid which lubricates moving parts, dampens friction. Design facilitates smooth camera moves, alleviates jerkiness. [See friction head]
flying erase head
Accessory video head mounted on spinning head drum, incorporated in many camcorders and VCRs to eliminate glitches and rainbow noise between scenes recorded or edited. By design, all 8mm-family and DV-family equipment has flying erase heads.
focal length
Distance from a camcorder's lens to a focused image with the lens focused on infinity. Short focal lengths offer a broad field of view (wide-angle); long focal lengths offer a narrow field of view (telephoto lens). Zoom lenses have a variable range of focal lengths.
follow focus
Controlling lens focus so that an image maintains sharpness and clarity despite camera and/or subject movement.
foot-candle
A unit of illumination equal to the light emitted by a candle at the distance of one foot. One foot-candle equals 10.764 lux. (See lux)
format
Videotape and video equipment design differences -- physical and technical -- dictating compatibility and quality. In most basic sense, refers to standardized tape widths, videocassette sizes. [See Betamax, D1/D2, 8mm, three-quarter-inch, VHS]
FPS
Abbreviation for Frames per Second. Same as Frame rate.
frame
1)One complete image. In NTSC video a frame is composed of two fields. One 30th of a second. 2) The viewable area or composition of an image.
framing
The act of composing a shot in the camcorder's viewfinder for desired content, angle and field of view.
freeze frame
Single frame paused and displayed for an extended period during video playback; suspended motion perceived as still snapshot.
frequency
Number of vibrations produced by a signal or sound, usually expressed as cycles per second, or hertz (Hz).
frequency response
Measure of the range of frequencies a medium can respond to and reproduce. Good video response maintains picture detail; good audio response accommodates the broadest range, most exacting sound.
friction head
Tripod mount type with strong spring that counterbalances camera weight, relying on friction to hold its position. More appropriate for still photography than movement-oriented videomaking. [See fluid head]
f-stop
Numbers corresponding to variable size of a camera's iris opening, and thus the amount of light passing through lens. The higher the number, the smaller the iris diameter, which means less light is able to enter the camcorder.
full-motion video
A standard for video playback on a computer; refers to smooth-flowing, full-color video at 30 frames per second, regardless of the screen resolution.
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gaffer
Production crew technician responsible for placement and rigging of all lighting instruments.
gain
Video amplification, signal strength. "Riding gain" means varying controls to achieve desired contrast levels.
GB
(Gigabyte) Giga- is a prefix that means one billion, so a Gigabyte is 1,000,000,000 bytes. Most commonly used to measure hard disk space.
gel
Colored material placed in front of a light source to alter its hue. Useful for special effects and correcting mismatches in lighting, as in scenes lit by both daylight and artificial light.
generation
Relationship between a master video recording and a given copy of that master. A copy of a copy of the original master constitutes a second-generation duplication.
generation loss
Degradation in picture and sound quality resulting from an analog duplication of original master video recording. Copying a copy and all successive duplication compounds generation loss. Digital transfers are free of generation loss.
genlock
(generator locking device) Synchronizes two video sources, allowing part or all of their signals to be displayed together. Necessary for overlaying computer graphics with video, for example.
ghosting
Undesirable faint double screen image caused by signal reflection or improperly balanced video circuitry. "Ringing" appears as repeated image edges.
giraffe
A small boom that consists of a counterweighted arm supported by a tripod, usually on casters.
glitch
Momentary picture disturbance.
grain
Blanketed signal noise viewed as fuzziness, unsmooth images -- attributable to lumination inadequacies.
grip
Production crew stagehand responsible for handling equipment, props, and scenery before, during, and after production.
group master fader
A volume control on an audio board that handles a subgroup of input channels before they are sent to the master fader.
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handheld mike
A microphone that a person holds to speak or sing into.
hard disk
Common digital storage component in a computer. For video use, hard disks need: 1) an access time of less than 10 milliseconds; 2) a sustained throughput (data transfer rate) of 3 Megabytes per second
HDTV
(high-definition television) Emerging television system standard affording
greater resolution for sharper pictures and wide-screen viewing via specially-designed
TV equipment.
head
Electromagnetic component within camcorders and VCRs that records, receives and erases video and audio signals on magnetic tape.
headroom
The remaining amount of availabe signal amplitude that may be applied
to a circuit without causing distortion.
Hi8
(high-band 8mm) Improved version of 8mm videotape format characterized by higher luminance resolution for a sharper picture. Compact "conceptual equivalent" of Super-VHS. [See 8mm]
hi-fi
(high fidelity) Generalized term defining audio quality approaching the limits of human hearing, pertinent to high-quality sound reproduction systems.
high impedance
A characteristic of microphones that have a great deal of opposition to the flow of alternating current through them and therefore must have short cables; high-impedance mikes are less likely to be used in professional situations than low-impedance microphones.
hiss
Primary background signal interference in audio recording, result of circuit noise from a playback recorder's amplifiers or from a tape's residual magnetism.
horizontal resolution
Specification denoting amount of discernable detail across a screen's width. Measured in pixels, the higher the horizontal resolution, the better the picture quality.
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IEEE 1394
(FireWire, i.LINK) A high-speed serial interface developed by Apple and later adopted as a standard by the Institute of Electical and Electronics Engineers. Notable for its ability to transfer data as quickly as 400 Mbps, giving it the ability to handle the large amounts of data required for digitized video.
image enhancer
Video signal processor that compensates for picture detail losses and distortion occurring in recording and playback. Exaggerates transitions between light and dark areas by enhancing high frequency region of video spectrum.
image sensor
A video camera's image sensing element, either CCD (charge coupled device) or MOS (metal oxide semiconductor); converts light to electrical energy. [See CCD]
impedance
Resistance to AC signals.
in-camera editing
Assembling finished program "on the fly" as you videotape simply by activating and pausing camcorder's record function.
incident light
That which emanates directly from a light source. Measured from the object it strikes to the source. (See reflected light)
indexing
Ability of some VCRs to electronically mark specific points on videotape for future access, either during the recording process (VISS: VHS index search system) or as scenes are played back (VASS: VHS address search system).
input channel
On an audio board, the control into which a microphone, tape recorder or other source is plugged.
insert edit
Recording video and/or audio on tape over a portion of existing footage without disturbing what precedes and follows. Must replace recording of same length
interlace
To split a TV picture into two fields of odd and even lines. Under the interlaced method, every other line is scanned during the first pass, then the remaining lines are scanned in the second pass. All analog TV formats (NTSC, PAL and SECAM) use interlaced video.
interlaced video
Process of scanning frames in two passes, each painting every other line on the screen, with scan lines alternately displayed in even and odd fields. NTSC video is interlaced; most computers produce a noninterlaced video signal. [See noninterlaced video]
iris
Camcorder's lens opening or aperture, regulates amount of light entering camera. Diameter is measured in f-stops. [See f-stop.]
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jack
Any female socket or receptacle, usually on the backside of video and audio equipment; accepts plug for circuit connection.
jitter
Video image aberration seen as slight, fast vertical or horizontal shifting of a picture or portion of one.
jog/shuttle
Manual control on some VCRs, facilitates viewing and editing precision and convenience. Jog ring moves tape short distances to show a frame at a time; shuttle dial transports tape forward or reverse more rapidly for faster scanning.
jump cut
Unnatural, abrupt switch to/from shots identical in subject but slightly different in screen location. Awkward progression makes subject appear to jump from one screen location to another. It can be remedied with cutaway or shot from a different angle.
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Kelvin
Temperature scale used to define the color of a light source; abbreviated as "K." [See color temperature]
key light
Principal illumination source on a subject or scene. Normally positioned slightly off-center and angled to provide shadow detail. (See back light, fill light, three-point lighting)
keyframe
A complete image, used as a reference for subsequent images. To keep the data rate low, other frames only have data for the parts of the picture that change.
keystoning
Perspective distortion from a flat object being shot by a camera at other than a perpendicular angle. Nearer portion of object appears larger than farther part.
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lag
Camera pickup's retention of an image after the camera has been moved, most common under low light levels. Comet tailing is a form of lag.
lapel mike
A small mike often clipped inside clothing or on a tie or lapel.
lavalier
A small mike that can be worn around the neck on a cord.
LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) Commonly used in digital watches, camcorder viewscreens and laptop computer screens, LCD panels are light-weight and low-power display devices.
linear editing
Tape-based editing. Called linear because scenes are laid in a line along the tape.
lip sync
Proper synchronization of video with audio -- lip movement with audible speech. [See synchronous sound.]
long shot
(LS) Camera view of a subject or scene from a distance, showing a broad perspective.
LP
(long play) Middle tape speed of a VHS VCR, accommodating four-hour recordings. [See EP, SP]
LTC
(longitudinal time code) Frame identification numbers encoded as an audio signal and recorded lengthwise on the edge of a tape. (See time code, VITC).
luminance
Black-and-white portion of video signal, carries brightness information representing picture contrast, light and dark qualities; frequently abbreviated as "Y."
lux
A metric unit of illumination equal to the light of a candle falling on a surface of one square meter. One lux is equivalent to 0.0929 foot-candle. (See foot-candle)
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macro
Lens capable of extreme closeup focusing, useful for intimate views of small subjects.
master
Original recorded videotape footage; "edited master" implies original tape in its edited form.
master fader
The audio volume control that is located after all the input channel controls and after the submaster controls.
matched dissolve
Dissolve from one image to another that's similar in appearance or shot size.
media player
A program that plays back audio or video. Examples include Microsoft Windows Media Player, Apple’s QuickTime Player, and RealPlayer.
medium shot
(MS) Defines any camera perspective between long shot and closeup, viewing the subjects from a medium distance.
memory effect
Power-loss phenomenon alleged of NiCad -- camcorder batteries, attributed to precisely repetitive partial discharge followed by complete recharge, or long-term overcharge. Considered misnomer for "voltage depression" and "cell imbalance."
MIDI
(musical instrument digital interface) System of communication between digital electronic instruments allowing synchronization and distribution of musical information.
mike
"Mic," short for "microphone."
mix
[1:audio] Combining sound sources to achieve a desired program balance. Finished output may be mono, stereo, or surround. [2:video] Combining video signals from two or more sources.
model release
Agreement to be signed by anyone appearing in a video work, protecting videomaker from right of privacy lawsuit. Specifies event, date, compensation provisions, and rights being waived.
monitor
[1:video] Television set without receiving circuitry, wired to camcorder or VCR for display of live or recorded video signals. Most standard TVs have dual-function capability as monitor and receiver. [See receiver] [2:audio] Synonymous with speaker.
monopod
One-legged camera support. [See tripod]
montage
A sequence of shots assembled in juxtaposition to each other to communicate a particular idea or mood. The implied relationship between seemingly unrelated material communicates messages.
mosaic
Electronic special effect whereby individual pixels comprising an image are blown up into larger blocks -- a kind of checkerboard effect. [See DVE]
MOV
A popular file format for video on a computer originally developed by Apple, but now widespread to many platforms.
MPEG
(MPEG-1) A video compression standard set by the Moving Picture Experts Group. It involves changing only those elements of a video image that actually change from frame to frame and leaving everything else in the image the same.
MPEG-2
The highest quality digital video compression currently available. MPEG-2 is less blocky than MPEG-1 and is used in DVDs and DBS satellite TV systems.
MPEG-4
A recent data compression format that can get better quality out of a given amount of bandwidth. MPEG-4 can compress a feature film onto a CD-ROM disc with VHS quality.
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natural light
Planetary illumination -- from the sun, the moon, stars -- whether indoors or out. Has higher color temperature than artificial light, and thus more bluish qualities. (See artificial light, color temperature)
neutral-density filter
(ND) Mounted at front of camcorder lens, reduces light intensity without affecting its color qualities. [See filter.]
NiCad
(nickel cadmium) Abbreviation coined and popularized by SAFT America for lightweight camcorder battery type designed to maintain power longer than traditional lead-acid batteries.
noise
Unwanted sound or static in an audio signal or unwanted electronic disturbance of snow in the video signal.
noninterlaced video
Process of scanning complete frames in one pass, painting every line on the screen, yielding higher picture quality than that of interlaced video. Most computers produce a noninterlaced video signal; NTSC is interlaced. AKA progressive scan.
nonlinear editing
Digital "random access" editing that uses a hard drive instead of tape to store images. Random access allows easy arrangement of scenes in any order. Also eliminates the need for rewinding and allows for multiple dubs without generation loss.
nonsynchronous sound
Audio without precisely matching visuals. Usually recorded separately, includes wild sound, sound effects, or music incorporated in post-production. [See synchronous sound.]
NTSC
U.S. television broadcasting specifications. NTSC refers to all video systems conforming to this 525-line 59.94-field-per-second signal standard. [See PAL]
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Off-line
Until recently, the low quality of computer video images limits the DTV computer to "off-line" work. That is, making the edit-point decisions (EDL) for use in a later "on-line" session, using the original tapes to assemble the edit master. Today's high-e
omnidirectional
A microphone that picks up sound from all directions.
outtake
Footage not to be included in final production.
over-the-shoulder shot
A view of the primary subject with the back of another person’s shoulder and head in the foreground. Often used in interview situations.
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PAL
(phase alternate line) 625-line 50-field-per-second television signal standard used in Europe and South America. Incompatible with NTSC. [See NTSC]
pan
Horizontal camera pivot, right to left or left to right, from a stationary position.
pedding
Vertically raising or lowering the camcorder, approaching closer to either floor or ceiling, with camera levelness maintained.
phone plug
Sturdy male connector compatible with audio accessories, particularly for insertion of microphone and headphone cables. Frequently referred to by their sizes, usually 1/4-inch and 1/8-inch. Not to be confused with phono plug.
phono plug
(RCA) Shrouded male connector used for audio and video connections. Frequently referred to as RCA plugs, they only come in one size. Not to be confused with phone plugs.
pickup
[1] A video camera's image sensing element, either CCD (charge coupled device) or MOS (metal oxide semiconductor); converts light to electrical energy. [See CCD] [2] A microphone's sound reception.
pickup pattern
Defines a microphone's response to sounds arriving from various directions or angles. [See bidirectional, omnidirectional, unidirectional.]
PiP
(picture in picture, p-in-p, pix in pix) Image from a second video source inset on a screen's main picture, the big and small pictures usually being interchangeable.
playback
Videotaped material viewed and heard as recorded, facilitated by camcorder or VCR.
playback VCR
Playback source of raw video footage (master or workprint) in basic player/recorder editing setup. [See recording VCR]
point of view shot
(POV) Shot perspective whereby the camera assumes subject's view, and thus viewers see what the subject sees.
polarizing filter
Mounted at the front of camcorder lens, thwarts undesirable glare and reflections. [See filter.]
post production
(post) Any video production activity following initial recording. Typically involves editing, addition of background music, voiceover, sound effects, titles, and/or various electronic visual effects. Results in completed production.
posterization
Electronic special effect transforming a normal video image into a collage of flattened single-colored areas, without graduations of color and brightness. [See DVE]
POV
preamp
An electronic device that magnifies the low signal output of microphones and other transducers before the signal is sent to a mixing board or to other amplifiers.
pre-roll
[1] Slight backing-up function of camcorders and VCRs when preparing for linear tape-to-tape editing; ensures smooth, uninterrupted transitions between scenes.
proc amp
(processing amplifier) Video image processor that boosts video signal's luminance, chroma, and sync components to correct such problems as low light, weak color, or wrong tint.
Progressive scan
A method of displaying the horizontal video lines in computer displays and digital TV broadcasts. Each horizontal line is displayed in sequence (1,2,3, etc), until the screen is filled; as opposed to interlaced (first fields of odd-numbered lines, then fields of even-numbered lines).
props
Short for "properties," objects used either in decorating a set (set props) or by talent (hand props).
PZM
(pressure zone microphone) Small, sensitive condenser mike, usually attached to a 5-inch-square metal backing plate. Senses air pressure changes in tiny gap between mike element and plate. Guards against comb filter problems created by surfaces like tables or podiums. [See condenser.]
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QuickTime
Computer system software that defines a format for video and audio data, so different applications can open and play synchronized sound and movie files.
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rack focus
Shifting focus between subjects in the background and foreground so the viewer’s attention moves from subject to subject as the focus shifts.
RAM
(Random Access Memory) The short-term memory of a computer which temporarily holds information while your computer is on. Distinct from storage, which is more permanent and is held on hard disks or some other media, such as CD-ROM.
raw footage
Pre-edited recordings, usually direct from the camcorder.
RCA plug
A popular cable connector for home audio as well as video components. Standard connection for direct audio/video inputs/outputs.
reaction shot
A cutaway to someone or something showing their facial response to the primary action or subject.
real time
Occurring immediately, without delay for rendering. If a transition occurs in real time, there is no waiting, the computer creates the effect or transition on-the-fly, showing it on demand.
RealNetworks
Developed the leading streaming technology for transmitting live video over the Internet using a variety of data compression techniques and works with IP and IP Multicast connections.
RealPlayer
A program developed by RealNetworks to play live and on-demand RealAudio and RealVideo files. It is freely available from a number of places and is included in current versions of both _HYPERLINK "Navigator.htm"__Netscape Navigator_ and _HYPERLINK "Inte
real-time counter
Tallying device that accounts for videotape playing/recording by measure of hours, minutes, and seconds.
RealVideo
A streaming technology developed by RealNetworks for transmitting live video over the Internet. RealVideo uses a variety of data compression algorithms.
receiver
Television set that includes a tuner as well as an audio amplifier and speaker. Accommodates broadcast RF signals, whereas a monitor accepts composite video signals only. [See monitor]
recording VCR
Recipient of raw video feed (master or workprint) and recorder of edited videotape in basic player/recorder editing setup. [See playback VCR]
reflected light
That which bounces off the illuminated subject. Light redirected by a reflector. (See incident light)
reflector
Lighting accessory helpful for bouncing light onto a subject. Often made of lightweight reflective material.
remote
[1] Videomaking performed "on location," outside controlled studio environment. [2] Equipment allowing from-a-distance control, usually without physical connections.
render
The processing a computer undertakes when creating an applied effect, transition or composite.
rendering time
The time it takes an NLE computer to composite source elements and commands in it's edit decision list into a single video file so the sequence, including titles and transition effects, can be played in full motion (30 frames per second).
resolution
Amount of picture detail reproduced by a video system, influenced by a camera's pickup, lens, internal optics, recording medium, and playback monitor. The more detail, the sharper and better defined the picture. [See horizontal resolution]
Rewritable Consumer
(RC) Time code sent trhoug Control-L interface permitting extremely accurate edits. Each frame is assigned a unique address expressed in hours:minutes:seconds:frames.
RF
(radio frequency) Combination of audio and video signals coded as a channel number, necessary for television broadcasts as well as some closed-circuit distribution.
RF converter
Device that converts audio and video signals into a combined RF signal suitable for reception by a standard TV.
RGB
(red, green, blue) Video signal transmission system that differentiates and processes all color information in separate red, green, and blue components -- primary colors of light -- for optimum image quality. Also defines type of color monitor.
ringing
Undesirable faint double screen image caused by signal reflection or improperly balanced video circuitry. "Ringing" appears as repeated image edges.
RM
(Real Media) A popular file format used for streaming video over the Internet.
roll
Text or graphics -- usually credits -- that move up or down the screen, typically from bottom to top. Typically produced with a character generator or computer. [See crawl]
rough cut
Raw, tentative edit of footage in the approximate sequence, length, and content of finished program. Gives preliminary indication of eventual actual work.
rule of thirds
Composition theory based on dividing the screen into thirds vertically and horizontally and the placement of the main subject along those lines.
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S/N Ratio
Relationship between signal strength and a medium's inherent noise.
Video S/N indicates how grainy or snowy a picture will be, plus color
accuracy; audio S/N specifies amount of background tape hiss present with
low- or no-volume recordings.
- safe area
- Boundaries within which thecontents of a television picture are sure
to be seen, regardless of masking differences in receiver displays.
Also called the "critical area," and “action safe area,” it encompasses
the inner 80 percent of the screen
- safe title area
- The area that will produce legible titles on most TV screens; 80%
of the screen, measured from the center.
scan converter
Device that changes scan rate of a video signal, possibly converting it from noninterlaced to interlaced mode. Allows computer graphics to be displayed on a standard video screen.
scan line
Result of television's swift scanning process which sweeps out a series of horizontal lines from left to right, then down a bit and left to right again. Complete NTSC picture consists of 525 scan lines per frame.
scan rate
Number of times a screen is "redrawn" per second. Computer displays operate at different scan rates than standard video.
scene
In the language of moving images, a sequence of related shots usually constituting action in one particular location. [See shot]
scrim
Lighting accessory made of wire mesh. Lessens intensity of light source without softening it. Half scrims and graduated scrims reduce illumination in more specific areas.
script
Text specifying content of a production or performance, used as a guide. May include character and setting profiles, production directives (audio, lighting, scenery, camera moves), as well as dialogue to be recited by talent. [See storyboard]
SECAM
(sequential color and memory) 625-line 25-frame-per-second television signal standard used in France and the Soviet Republic. Incompatible with NTSC; PAL and SECAM are partially compatible. [See NTSC, PAL]
SEG
Special effects generator.
selective focus
Adjusting focus to emphasize desired subject(s) in a shot. Selected area maintains clarity, image sharpness while remainder of image blurs. Useful for directing viewer's attention.
sepia
Brassy "antique" look characteristic of old photographs. For video images, tone achieved with a special lens filter or electronically with a special effects filter.
shooting ratio
Amount of raw footage recorded relative to the amount used in edited, finished program.
shot
All pictorial material recorded by a camera. More strictly speaking, shots are intentional, isolated camera views which collectively comprise a scene. [See scene]
shotgun
A highly-directional microphone used for picking up sounds from a distance.
signal-to-noise ratio
(S/N) Relationship between signal strength and a medium's inherent noise. Video S/N indicates how grainy or snowy a picture will be, plus its color accuracy; audio S/N specifies amount of background tape hiss present with low- or no-volume recordings. Higher figures represent a cleaner signal. Usually cited in decibels (dB).
Skylight
(1A) or haze (UV) filter Mounted at front of camcorder lens, virtually clear glass absorbs ultraviolet light. Also excellent as constant lens protector. [See filter]
SMPTE
Time code standard for film, video, and audio named for the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, which sanctions standards for recording systems in North America. [See time code]
snake
A connector box that contains a large number of balanced XLR microphone input receptacles.
snoot
Open-ended cylindrical funnel mounted on a light source to project a narrow, concentrated circle of illumination.
snow
Electronic picture interference; resembles scattered snow on the television screen. Synonymous with chroma and luma noise.
solarization
Electronic special effect distorting a video image's original colors, emphasizing some and de-emphasizing others for a "paint brush" effect. [See DVE]
sound bite
Any recorded video or audio-only segment salvageable for use in edited program -- usually a highlight phrase or event. Common component of broadcast news.
sound effects
Contrived audio, usually prerecorded, incorporated with a video soundtrack to resemble the real thing. Blowing on a microphone, for example, might simulate wind to accompany hurricane images.
soundtrack
The audio portion of a video recording, often multifaceted with voiceover, background music, sound effects, etc.
SP
(standard play) Fastest tape speed of a VHS VCR, accommodating two-hour recordings. [See EP, LP]
special effects
F/X. Tricks and illusions -- electronic or on camera -- employed in film and video to define, distort, or defy reality.
special effects generator
(SEG) Video signal processor with vast, but varying, image manipulation capabilities involving patterns and placement as well as color and texture: mixing, multiplying, shrinking, strobing, wiping, dissolving, flipping, colorizing, etc.
spotlight
Radiates a well-defined directional beam of light, casting hard, distinct shadows. Best used to focus illumination on individual subjects, whereas floodlights blanket broader areas.
stabilizer
Video signal processor used primarily for tape dubbing to eliminate picture jump and jitter, maintain stability.
star
Filter Mounted at front of camcorder lens, gives videotaped light sources a starburst effect. Generally available in four-, six-, and eight-point patterns. [See filter]
stereo
Sound emanating from two isolated sources, intended to simulate pattern of natural human hearing.
stock shot
Common footage -- city traffic, a rainbow -- conveniently accessed as needed. Similar to a "photo file" in the photography profession.
storyboard
Series of cartoon-like sketches illustrating key visual stages (shots, scenes) of planned production, accompanied by corresponding audio information. [See script]
Streaming
Playing sound or video in real time as it is downloaded over the internet as opposed to storing it in a local file first. Avoids download delay.
strobe
Digital variation of fixed-speed slow motion, with image action broken down into a series of still frames updated and replaced by new ones at rapid speed. [See DVE]
superimposition
(super) Non-inherent titles or graphics appearing over an existing video picture, partially or completely hiding areas they cover.
Super-VHS
(S-VHS, S-VHS-C) Improved version of VHS and VHS-C videotape formats, characterized by separate carriers of chrominance and luminance information, yielding a sharper picture. [See VHS, VHS-C]
S-video
Also known as Y/C video, signal type employed with Hi8 and S-VHS video formats. Transmits chrominance and luminance portions separately via multiple wires (pins), thereby avoiding the NTSC encoding process and its inevitable picture quality degradation.
sweetening
Post-production process of adding music and sound effects to or otherwise enhancing, purifying, massaging a final audio track.
swish pan
Extremely rapid camera movement from left to right or right to left, appearing as image blur. Two such pans in the same direction -- one moving from, the other moving to a stationary shot -- edited together can effectively convey passage of time or change of location.
switcher
Simplified SEG, permits video signal mixing from two or more sources -- cameras, time base correctors, character generators -- for dissolves, wipes, and other clean transition effects.
sync
(synchronization) Horizontal and vertical timing signals or electronic pulses -- component of composite signal, supplied separately in RGB systems. Aligns video origination (live camera, videotape) and reproduction (monitor or receiver) sources.
synchronous sound
Audio recorded with images. When the mouth moves, the words come out.
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talent
Generic term for the people assuming on-screen roles in a videotaping
tally light
Automatic indicators (usually red) on a camera's front and within its viewfinder that signal recording in progress -- seen by both camera subject(s) and operator.
TBC
(Time Base Corrector) Electronic device that corrects timing inconsistencies in a videotape recorder's playback, stabilizing the image for optimum quality. Also synchronizes video sources, allowing image mixing. [See sync]
telecine converter
Imaging device used in conjunction with a movie projector and camcorder to transfer film images to videotape.
telephoto
Camera lens with long focal length, narrow horizontal field of view. Opposite of wide-angle, captures magnified, close-up images from considerable distance.
teleprompter
(prompter) Mechanical device that projects and advances text on mirror directly in front of camera's lens, allowing talent to read their lines while appearing to maintain eye contact with viewers.
test pattern
Any of various combinations of converging lines, alignment marks, and gray scales appearing on screen to aid in video equipment adjustment for picture alignment, registration, and contrast. Often viewed on broadcast television in off-air hours. [See colo
three-point lighting
Basic lighting approach employing key, fill and back lights to illuminate subject with sense of depth and texture. Strategic placement imitates natural outdoor lighting environment, avoids flat lighting. (See back light, fill light, key light)
three-quarter-inch
(U-matic) Most popular professional/industrial video format employing larger cassettes and three-quarter-inch tape, as opposed to the half-inch width of VHS and Beta "consumer" formats. Related equipment is generally larger and sturdier, format's recordi
three-shot
Camera view including three subjects, generally applicable to interview situations.
three-to-one rule
A microphone placement principle that states if two mikes must be side by side, there should be three times the distance between them than there is between the mikes and the people using them.
tilt
A vertical camera movement from a single axis as on a tripod.
time base corrector
(TBC) Electronic device that corrects timing inconsistencies in a videotape recorder's playback, stabilizing the image for optimum quality. Also synchronizes video sources, allowing image mixing. [See sync]
time code
Synchronization system, like a clock recorded on your videotape, assigning a corresponding hours, minutes, seconds, and frame-number designation to each frame. Expedites indexing convenience and editing precision. [See SMPTE.]
time-lapse recording
Periodically videotaping a minimal number of frames over long durations of actual time. Upon playback, slow processes such as a flower blooming may be viewed in rapid motion.
timeline editing
A computer-based method of editing in which video and audio clips are represented on a computer screen by bars proportional to the length of the clip.
titling
Process or result of incorporating on-screen text as credits, captions, or any other alphanumeric communication to video viewers. [See character generator]
tracking
A lateral camera movement traveling with a moving subject. The camcorder should maintain a regulated distance from the subject.
transcode
To convert analog video to a digital format, or vice-versa.
tripod
Three-legged camera mount offering stability and camera placement/movement consistency. Most are lightweight, used for remote recording. [See monopod]
tuner
Television and VCR component that receives RF signals from an antenna or other RF sources and decodes into separate audio and video signals.
two-shot
A camera view including two subjects.
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U-matic
Most popular professional/industrial video format employing larger cassettes and three-quarter-inch tape, as opposed to the half-inch width of VHS and Beta "consumer" formats. Related equipment is generally larger and sturdier, format's recording conside
umbrella
Lighting accessory available in various sizes usually made of textured gold or silver fabric. Facilitates soft, shadowless illumination by reflecting light onto a scene.
unbalanced line
Audio cables that have two wires: one for positive and one for both negative and ground.
unidirectional
Highly selective microphone pickup pattern, rejects sound coming from behind while absorbing that from in front. [See bidirectional, omnidirectional.]
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variable bit rate (VBR)
A way of coding video to maximize image quality over a connection’s available bandwidth, usually provided by more recent codecs.
VCR
Videocassette recorder. Multifunction machine intended primarily for recording and playback of videotape stored in cassettes.
vectorscope
Electronic testing device that measures a video signal's chrominance performance, plotting qualities in a compass-like graphic display.
vertical interval time code
(VITC) Synchronization signals recorded as an invisible component of the video signal, accessed for editing precision. [See time code]
VHS
(Video Home System) Predominant half-inch videotape format developed by Matsushita and licensed by JVC. [See Super-VHS]
VHS-C
(VHS compact) Scaled-down version of VHS using miniature cassettes compatible with full-size VHS equipment through use of adapter. [See Super-VHS]
video card
The PC card that controls the computer's monitor display. Don't confuse the computer's video (VGA, SVGA, Mac monitor and so on) which is non-interlaced, with NTSC video. PC cards for DTV are also called capture, overlay or compression cards. They do not g
video prompter
A mechanical device that projects and advances text on a mirror directly in front of a camera lens, allowing talent to read lines while appearing to maintain eye contact with viewers.
videocassette recorder
(VCR) Multifunction machine intended primarily for recording and playback of videotape stored in cassettes.
vignette
Visual special effect whereby viewers see images through a perceived keyhole, heart shape, diamond -- whatever. In low-budget form, achieved by aiming camera through cutout of desired vignette.
vignetting
Undesirable darkening at the corners of a picture, as if viewer's peering through a telescope, due to improper matching of lens to camera -- pickup's scope exceeds lens size.
VITC
(VITC) Synchronization signals recorded as an invisible component of the video signal, accessed for editing precision. [See time code.]
VOD
Abbreviation for Video on Demand. Usually only heard in the context of delivering full-frame, full-motion video to a television; since most video on the Internet is provided on-demand.
voiceover
(VO) Narration accompanying picture, heard above background sound or music. Talking typically applied to edited visual during post-production.
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waveform monitor
Specialized oscilloscope testing device providing a graphic display of a video signal's strength. Plus, like a sophisticated light meter, aids in precise setting of picture's maximum brightness level for optimum contrast.
WebCam
Abbreviation for Web Camera. A small camera connected to a computer, usually through a USB port. Webcams usually produce small, progressive-scanned images.
whip pan
(swish pan) Extremely rapid camera movement from left to right or right to left, appearing as image blur. Two such pans in the same direction -- one moving from, the other moving to a stationary shot -- edited together can effectively convey passage of t
white balance
Electronic adjustment of camcorder to retain truest colors of recorded image. Activated in camcorder prior to recording, proper setting established by aiming at white object.
wide-angle
Camcorder lens with short focal length and broad horizontal field of view. Opposite of telephoto, supports viewer perspective and tends to reinforce perception of depth.
wild sound
Nonsynchronous audio recorded independent of picture ie. rain on roof, five o'clock whistle -- often captured with separate audio recorder. [See nonsynchronous sound]
windscreen
Sponge-like microphone shield, thwarts undesirable noise from wind and rapid mike movement.
wipe
Transition from one shot to another wherein the new shot is revealed by a moving line or pattern. In it's simplest form, it simulates a window shade being drawn.
wireless mike
A microphone with a self-contained, built-in miniature FM transmitter that can send the audio signal several hundred feet, thereby eliminating the need for cables running between the microphone and the recorder or amplifier.
workprint
Copy of a master videotape used for edit planning and rough cut without excessively wearing or otherwise jeopardizing safekeeping of original material. Also called "working master."
wow and flutter
Sound distortions consisting of a slow rise and fall of pitch, caused by speed variations in audio/video playback system.
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XLR
Three-pin plug for three-conductor "balanced" audio cable, employed
with high-quality microphones, mixers and other audio equipment.
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Y
Symbol for luminance, or brightness, portion of a video signal; the complete color video signal consists of R,G,B and Y.
Y/C
Also known as S-video. Video signal type employed with Hi8 and S-VHS video formats. Transmits chrominance and luminance portions separately via multiple wires, thereby avoiding the NTSC encoding process and its inevitable picture quality degradation.
YUV
(y=luminance, u=B-Y or blue and v=R-Y or red) Video signal used to compose a component NTSC or PAL signal. [See RGB]
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zoom
Variance of focal length, bringing subject into and out of close-up range. Lens capability permits change from wide-angle to telephoto, or vice versa, in one continuous move. "Zoom in" and "zoom out" are common terms.
zoom ratio
Range of a lens' focal length, from most "zoomed in" field of view to most "zoomed out." Expressed as ratio: 6:1, for example, implies that the same lens from the same distance can make the same image appear six-times closer. [See focal length, zoom]
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